Finally safe and effective corona virus vaccine three vaccine candidates last very encouraging results it's 95 percent effective vaccine internationally or nationally how the vaccine is working particularly well against severe covered and against hospitalization we expect to produce globally up to 50 million doses in 2020 and up to 1.3 billion doses by the end of 2021. vaccinated it's not something we've done in recent times but uh vaccine is available now it took the world almost a year to hear this news a ray of hope hope to return towards life as people knew it earlier a life without the fear of coving the virus that brought disruptions in very many forms lives were lost economy stumbled large-scale migrations were triggered working and living patterns drastically shifted pandemic has brought out the best and the worst of humanity but now the end may be in sight the end to covet is nigh because the wait for a vaccine is about to end but wait what is a vaccine how does it work is it safe a vaccine is no medicine to treat the disease in fact it is a mild form of the disease itself injected into a person's body training the immune system to fight against a disease it has not contracted before and naturally the covet vaccines too contain some form of the nobel corona virus the 2019 sar cov2 is part of a family of viruses named for the effect created by spike proteins on their cells or capucines it is how the outer layer of sun's atmosphere corona latin for crown appears during a total solar eclipse and because of its spike proteins the coronavirus attached to the cells much quicker and can almost hijack the body's cells to replicate itself these viruses are sometimes capable of jumping species but outside the body or a host the virus is just a chemical it becomes active and replicates itself only when it finds a host unlike say bacteria which thrive even without a living host this emerged just like ebola emerged in africa nipah emerged in malaysia sars emerged in china mers uh iraq you know all the influenzas arrive every year there are literally a million viruses out there in the natural world waiting to be discovered and some of them spill over into humans as soon as the virus started finding millions of hosts to thrive on research and development began for a vaccine to combat it it all started when scientists from china where the virus first emerged shared the genetic code of the virus with experts across the world on january 11th itself and a hunt for the covet vaccine had started some of the first doors in monkey also very impressive everyone's racing ahead but we're kind of writing the playbook as the game is being played so we're working currently on two that were ready to enter pre-clinical trials while various vaccines were in the research phase the first safety trials began in march around the same time when india went into lockdown and cases started to soar in the country by mid 2020 various vaccine candidates were in the fray at various stages of development [Applause] now developing a vaccine is a tedious and long process and the fastest possible vaccine tilln nowf formums was developed in a time frameo ofabout four years this has been a time of turmoil when we think about how vaccines are traditionally developed it's a long slow sequential process instead we were doing parallelp processingw wewere throwing everything thate everybody'sgota atvaccine development but the criticali issueist thatsafety has not been compromisedt theprinciples on which we licensev vaccineshave not been compromisedn nowthere are 164 vaccines for covetta thatre in pre-clinical evaluation 48 are in clinical evaluation and 11 in phase 3 clinical trials out of these 11 that are in the final stage russia's sputnik 5 was the first one to announce success in its efficacy [Music] russia is ready to provide the vaccines developed by our scientists to the countries who need it this is the first registered vaccine sputnik 5 on the platform of the adenoviral vectors of a human while russia started human trials as early as june 2020 the apprehensions around the legitimacy of the trials didn't die down even as russians started getting themselves vaccinated apart from the russian candidate the oxford university with its commercial partner astrazeneca was also one of the first to get cracking on development the biggest challenge for me initially was raising the funding to do it because all this work needs money and that's that we had a little bit of money and the project grew and then we needed more money and more money and um we have now been successful in getting funding and we now have a commercial partner and so that's no longer the main concern i think the concern at the moment is that we are doing a lot of vaccine development work which we're very familiar with in oxford and we've done all of this before but we're doing it in a much shorter time scale than we normally would both the sputnik 5 and the oxford's vaccine named kovi shield work on a similar principle these viral vector-based vaccines take the genetic code of the spike protein from the coronavirus and then put it into a harmless virus in oxford's case it is a genetically engineered virus that causes common colds in chimpanzees which does not infect humans this cocktail of the two viruses is then injected into the patient the vaccine then enters the cells and starts to produce coronavirus-like proteins prompting the immune system to produce antibodies and killer t cells to destroy the infection since the body has learned about a spike protein like virus if the patient encounters coronavirus again the antibodies are triggered automatically to fight it out not letting the virus enough time to spread and just when the pedal was on the metal in the vaccine's development all of a sudden trials of the oxford vaccine were halted on september 8th trials were paused after a volunteer was diagnosed with an inflammatory syndrome of the spinal cord i think this is a good perhaps a wake-up call or a lesson for everyone to recognize the fact that there are ups and downs in research there are ups and downs in clinical development and and we have to be prepared for those it's not always a fast and a straight road though the trials resumed shortly afterwards and as all eyes remained on the oxford vaccine post the u.s presidential elections two american firms announced a breakthrough it is a great day for science it is a great day for humanity when you realize that your vaccine has a 90 effectiveness it's a really important milestone in the fight against the pandemic because it demonstrates that our vaccine mrna 1273 is able to prevent covid19 disease including severe disease and people who've received it it's really just a milestone though we have a lot of work ahead of us knowing the vaccine is going to be effective is great news but we still need to complete the regulatory process which involves completing the study and generating more data even some follow-up safety data both modena and pfizer's vaccines were hailed as a breakthrough in science as they do not use a virus to carry the spike protein into a human body instead the technology uses a snippet of the virus's genetic code to instruct cells to build the spike protein on the surface of the coronavirus teaching the immune system to recognize the real thing and wage a war against it should the person contract the actual virus [Music] but with technology comes a catch we will decode the catch after a short break coincidentally the world's first vaccine was developed because of another pandemic a disease that took more than 200 years to get completely eradicated and not before claiming millions of lives in 1796 an english physician edward jenner developed a vaccine from a disease called cowpox which was similar to smallpox but did not affect humans he first inoculated a handful of his friends and neighbors with the smallpox virus and noticed that not a single one of them got the small box he coined the scientific term variola vaccina for smallpox and the procedure as vaccination coming back to the present times let's compare the four prominent vaccine candidates side by side the oxford astrazeneca vaccine requires two doses it is claimed to be 62 to 90 percent effective and can be stored at regular fridge temperatures which makes transportation easy both the vaccines by moderna and pfizer claim to be 95 effective and require two doses the moderna vaccine can be stored at minus 20 degree celsius for up to six months but the one by pfizer needs a temperature of minus 70 degrees to keep it safe the russian sputnik 5 another viral vector vaccine claims to be 92 percent effective and like the oxford one can be stored at regular fridge temperatures the pfizer vaccine which requires -70 to minus 80 for long-term storage the moderna is more tractable minus 20 is something that we've done before for polio and the moderna vaccine can be kept at two to eight degrees for a month given that the supply is going to be the critical limiting factor i think it would be possible to cycle the moderna vaccines sufficiently to be able to roll them out in the program the concern with both the modena and the pfizer vaccines are the costs because these vaccines are much much much more expensive than we've ever had for any vaccine in the program it's in the several thousand rupees per dose of vaccine all the vaccines that have completed safety trials are yet to get a final approval from the concerned authorities in their countries of development but keeping the rush demand companies have announced their rollout plans and nations have started to pre-book different vaccines according to media calculations 13 of the world's population has booked 51 of the top five vaccine candidate doses the production capacity so far is of 9.77 billion doses and supply deals of 7.6 billion doses have already been signed the usa has booked the highest number of doses followed by the european union in india the serum institute of india is manufacturing the vaccine formulated by oxford astrazeneca and it is the biggest manufacturer of the kovicheel vaccine while india might be the largest producer indians might still have to wait to get the shot in the u.s media reports suggest that the drug control authorities are questioning the company's spotty disclosures astrazeneca has reportedly admitted to some mistakes in its reporting government in india has said that the selected vaccine would have to pass indian safety standards before a rollout can begin so once the vaccine is out it does not really stop there india today's data intelligence unit has compiled another uh logistics key to the vaccine distribution nearly 15 000 flights would be needed for the global coverage of corvid vaccine in the next two years 200 000 or 2 lakh movements by pallet shippers 15 million deliveries in cooling boxes would be required to ship as well as you can see on your screens 10 billion doses in stringent and in conventional scenarios are going to be required if this is the game-changing intervention for us to save lives livelihoods economy and overall get going with the optimum output and the vibrance of this great nation then indeed vaccine scale up would be done to the extent to the maximum extent possible the current volume of coal chain space allows us to deliver 600 million doses of vaccine a year now we are talking about delivering routine immunization and on top of that adding the immunization for sarsko v2 so we will need additional cold chain capacity and it should be relatively easy to find from the aggregate sector the challenge that we have is one is to see how long-term follow-up to see how long does the immunity last does it last three months six months one year or more than one year and also the data needs to be looked at how much is it in terms of protective value that it gives as far as individuals are concerned did it protect from mild infection did it protect from moderate or and severe infection a shot in the arm may be ready and it might turn out to be effective but is the world ready for a mass immunization program like no other it is a long road ahead for recovery and all agencies are on high alert but meanwhile masks sanitizers and social distancing are here to stay if not for the distant but certainly for the near future
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